Description
Titanium exhibits exceptional resistance to acid and alkali
corrosion. When immersed in seawater for five years, it shows no
signs of rusting — unlike steel, which corrodes and deteriorates
rapidly in the same environment. This outstanding corrosion
resistance makes titanium alloys ideal for marine applications such
as ship hulls and submarine shells.
Titanium submarines offer several advantages:
Superior corrosion resistance: Seawater does not corrode titanium, ensuring long service life.
High-pressure resistance: Titanium submarines can dive 80% deeper than stainless-steel
submarines without structural failure.
Non-magnetic properties: Titanium’s non-magnetic nature makes submarines less detectable by
magnetic mines, enhancing stealth capabilities.
Deep-diving capability: While steel submarines risk collapse beyond 300 m depth, titanium
submarines can safely operate below 300 m and withstand depth
charges effectively.
Since the 1960s, titanium has become an irreplaceable material in deep-sea shipbuilding. Russia successfully built the world’s first all-titanium
submarine in 1968 and later developed several “Alpha”-class
submarines, each using approximately 3,000 t of titanium. Other models, such as the “Shark”-class nuclear submarine and the
multipurpose 945 and 988 classes, also feature titanium alloy
pressure-resistant hulls, enabling speeds and depths up to 800 m.
Titanium alloys are also widely used in:
Torpedo launch systems and high-pressure gas cylinders
Pumps, valves, pipelines, and propellers
Coolers and structural submarine components
These applications greatly enhance reliability and extend service
life in harsh marine environments.
Common Titanium Alloy Grades
| Grade | Features and Applications |
|---|
| Ti-6Al-4V | Heat-treatable alloy with excellent strength, weldability, and
formability. Used for jet engine compressor blades, impellers,
landing gear, fasteners, and structural components. |
| Ti-5Al-2.5Sn | Non-heat-treatable alloy with good crack resistance and
weldability. Used for gearboxes, casings, guide vanes, and
pipelines. |
| Ti-8Al-1Mo-1V | Non-heat-treatable alloy with good weldability and acceptable
forgeability. Used for engine blades, impellers, and airframe
structures. |
| Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn | Heat-treatable alloy with excellent forgeability and strength, but
poor weldability. Used for fasteners, air inlet control guides, and
test components. |
| Ti-13V-11Cr-3Al | Heat-treatable alloy with good formability and weldability. Used in
forgings, airframe structures, skins, and fasteners. |
| Ti-2.25Al-11Sn-5Zr-1Mo-0.2Si | Heat-treatable alloy with good crack resistance during forging.
Used for high-strength structural parts. |
| Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo | Non-heat-treatable alloy with good forgeability and weldability.
Used in compressor blades, impellers, and structural assemblies. |
| Ti-4Al-3Mo-1V | Heat-treatable alloy with good forgeability and formability. Used
for airframe structural components. |
Physical Properties
| Grade | Tensile Strength (MPa) | Yield Strength (MPa) | Elongation (%) |
|---|
| Gr1 | 240 | 170 | 24 |
| Gr2 | 345 | 275 | 20 |
| Gr4 | 550 | 483 | 15 |
| Gr5 | 895 | 828 | 10 |
| Gr7 | 400 | 275 | 18 |
| Gr9 | 620 | 483 | 15 |
| Gr12 | 483 | 348 | 18 |
| Gr23 | 793 | 759 | 10 |
Chemical Composition (wt %)
| Grade | Fe (max) | O (max) | N (max) | C (max) | H (max) | Pd (max) | Al | V | Mo | Others |
|---|
| Gr1 | 0.20 | 0.18 | 0.03 | 0.08 | 0.015 | — | — | — | — | Ti balance |
| Gr2 | 0.30 | 0.25 | 0.03 | 0.08 | 0.015 | — | — | — | — | Ti balance |
| Gr4 | 0.50 | 0.40 | 0.05 | 0.08 | 0.015 | — | — | — | — | Ti balance |
| Gr5 | 0.40 | 0.20 | 0.05 | 0.08 | 0.015 | — | 5.5–6.7 | 3.5–4.5 | — | Ti balance |
| Gr7 | 0.30 | 0.25 | 0.03 | 0.08 | 0.015 | 0.12–0.25 | — | — | — | Ti balance |
| Gr9 | 0.25 | 0.15 | 0.03 | 0.08 | 0.015 | — | 2.5–3.5 | 2.0–3.0 | — | Ti balance |
| Gr12 | 0.30 | 0.25 | 0.03 | 0.08 | 0.015 | — | 0.6–0.9 | — | 0.2–0.4 | Ti balance |
| Gr23 | 0.25 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.08 | 0.0125 | — | 5.5–6.5 | 3.5–4.5 | — | Ti balance |
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