1. Distributed PV systems (residential/commercial rooftops)
Core needs: Prevent excess PV power from flowing back to the grid
(anti-reverse current) and, in case of sudden grid outages, stop
the PV system from continuously supplying power to the local grid
(anti-islanding) to ensure the safety of maintenance personnel.
2. Microgrids and off-grid systems
Core needs: In off-grid or weak grid environments, prevent PV and
energy storage systems from forming "islanded operation" due to
grid fluctuations, ensure stable power supply for local loads, and
avoid over-discharging of energy storage batteries or waste of PV
power (preventing reverse current to energy storage systems).
3. Grid-connected PV + energy storage projects
(industrial/commercial/public buildings)
Core needs: When PV generation exceeds load demand, control surplus
power to be prioritized for storage in batteries (instead of
flowing back to the grid) to reduce impact on the grid; in case of grid failure, quickly disconnect from the grid
(anti-islanding) and switch to energy storage power supply mode.
4. PV carports and BIPV (building-integrated photovoltaics)
Core needs: PV systems in these scenarios are often integrated with
building loads, requiring anti-reverse current functions to
restrict reverse power transmission to the grid and, during grid
failures, prevent PV modules from forming islanded power supply to
local circuits within the building.
